![]() ![]() This finding is consistent with studies reporting hunting as a major cause in orangutan decline. This suggests that further drivers, independent of land-use change, contribute to orangutan loss. A much larger number of orangutans were lost in selectively logged and primary forests, where rates of decline were less precipitous, but where far more orangutans are found. Although land clearance caused the most dramatic rates of decline, it accounted for only a small proportion of the total loss. Our models indicate that between 19, half of the orangutan population was affected by logging, deforestation, or industrialized plantations. Here we use field survey data, predictive density distribution modeling, and remote sensing to investigate the impact of resource use and land-use changes on the density distribution of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Although rapid developments in remote sensing technology have permitted more precise estimates of land-cover change over large spatial scales, our knowledge about the effects of these changes on wildlife is much more sparse. Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources is increasingly affecting the highly biodiverse tropics. Therefore, developing effective communication with stakeholders, empowerment of rural communities, and proper appraisal of social values are all urgently needed to promote effective rural wildlife conservation programs. It shows that monetary incentives are not the sole determinant in gaining the support of indigenous people in reporting wildlife crimes and their active participation in conservation programs. The findings demonstrate the importance of appraising social values to address issues such as size limits for protected areas andĬompensation for wildlife damage to property. This paper examines pertinent factors influencing wildlife conservation by integrating ecological and social approaches using a conservation planning framework. It is essential to assess both human–wildlife conflict and human–human conflicts about wildlife, in order to promote mutually beneficial human–wildlife coexistence. Human–wildlife conflict often arises when local socio-economic development compromises wildlife survival due to negative landscape changes. Garnering support from multiple stakeholders to increase the number or size of protected areas remains a key challenge for wildlife conservation efforts in Malaysia. ![]()
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